A4 Paper

ISO standard paper size 210 x 297mm or 8.3 x 11.7". The common paper size used outside the US in place of 8.5 x 11.

Accordion fold

Folding paper by bending each fold in the opposite direction of the previous fold creating a pleated or accordion effect.

Acid-free paper

A paper containing no acidity or acid producing chemicals that degrades less over time than acidic papers.

Against the Grain

Running a sheet of paper through a printing press at right angles to the grain direction of the paper, as opposed to with the grain. This is usually suboptimal for both press operation and registration of the 4 color process inks. Sometimes called cross grain.

Airbrush

A compressed air tool that sprays a fine mist of paint or ink, used in illustration and photo retouching.

Anti-aliasing

The process of averaging between pixels of different colors. This results is a smoother, more blended transition between the edge of two areas rather than a distinctly jagged appearance.

Aqueous Coating

This clear coating is used to protect your printed pieces. It provides a high-gloss surface that deters dirt and fingerprints. Aqueous coating improves the durability of postcards as they go through the mail, and protects business cards as they ride around in people's pockets. It also looks beautiful on brochures, catalog covers, and stand-alone flyers.

Ascender

Any part of a lower case letter which rises above the main body of the letter such as in "d", "b" and "h".

Backslant

Any type that tilts to the left or backward direction; opposite of italic type.

Back Up

How an image on one side of a printed sheet aligns with the image on the other side.

Balloon

In an illustration, any line that encircles copy or dialogue.

Base line

The imaginary horizontal line upon which stand capitals, lower case letters, punctuation points, etc.

Basis weight

Basis or basic weight refers to the weight, in pounds, of a ream (500 sheets) of paper cut to a given standard size for that particular paper grade.

Bible paper

A thin but strong paper (opaque), used for bibles and books.

Bindery

A business or department within a printing company that does the cutting, folding, collating, drilling and other finishing operations used on printing projects.

Blanket

The rubberized surfaced material secured onto a cylinder onto which the ink is transferred from the plate and then to the paper.

Bleed

Any element that extends up to or past the edge of a printed page.

Blind emboss

A design or bas relief impression that is made without using inks or metal foils.

Blocking

When ink or coating causes printed sheets of paper in a pile to stick together, causing damage when they are separated. This is normally caused by not enough anti-offset powder or too much ink, and usually ruins the printed job.

Body

In typography, the main shank or portion of a letter character other than the ascenders and descenders.

Bond

A grade of durable writing, printing and typing paper that is erasable and somewhat rigid.

Book Paper

Types of paper usually used for printing books. Book paper text weight and is divided into uncoated or offset paper, and coated paper, which includes matte or gloss coating.

Bounce

Inconsistent positioning of the printed image on the sheets of paper as they travel through a printing press.

Bristol

A board paper of various thicknesses having a smooth finish and used for printing or drawing.

Bulk

A term given to paper to describe its thickness relative to its weight.

Bullet

A boldface square or dot used before a sentence to emphasize its importance.

C1S and C2S

Acronyms for Coated One Side and Coated Two Sides paper stock. A cover stock with a glossy finish on one side and uncoated on the other, usually between 8pt (.008") and 18pt (.018") in thickness.

Caliper

The measurement of the thickness of paper measured in thousandths of an inch or mils.

Case binding

Books bound using hard board (case) covers.

Carbonless Paper

Paper that is chemically treated to transfer the impression from the first page to the subsequent pages.

Cast coated

A paper that is coated and then pressure dried using a polished roller that imparts an enamel like hard gloss finish.

Center spread

The two pages that face each other in the center of a book or publication.

Chain lines

Lines that appear on laid paper as a result of the wires of the papermaking machine.

Clip art

Graphic images, designs, and artwork in digital form that can be used in a digital document.

Coarse screen

Halftone screens commonly used in newsprint; up to 85 lines per inch.

Coated stock

Any paper that has a mineral coating applied after the paper is made, giving the paper a smoother finish.

Coil Binding

Where a metal or plastic wire is spiraled through holes punched along the side of a stack of paper. Commonly used for reports, proposals and manuals. Documents bound with coil have the ability to lay flat and can roatate 360 degrees. Also called spiral binding.

Cold color

Any color that is toward the blue side of the color spectrum.

<>Collate

To gather sheets or printed signatures together in their correct order.

Colophon

A printers' or publishers' identifying symbol or emblem.

Color balance

The releative amounts of process colors used to reproduce an image, either digitally or when printed on a press.

Color bars

A color test strip that is printed on the waste portion of a press sheet. It helps a press operator to monitor and control the quality of the printed material relative to ink density, registration and dot gain. It can also include a Star Target, which is designed to detect inking and press problems.

Color correction

Using a computer to adjust, change or manipulate a color image, such as retouching, adjusting color balance, color saturation, contrast, etc.

Color gamut

The entire range of hues possible to reproduce on a specific system, such as a computer screen, or four-color printing press.

Color separating

The processes of separating the primary color components (CMYK) for printing.

Color Sequence

The order in which process inks are printed on a printing press. Also called the color rotation or laydown sequence.

Color transparency

Transparent film containing a positive photographic color image.

Comb Binding

Binding a stack of paper together by inserting the teeth of a flexible plastic comb into holes punched along one of the edges. Commonly used for catalogs, reports and manuals.

Condensed type

A narrow, elongated typeface.

Contrast

The degree of tonal separation or gradation in the range from black to white.

Cover

A term describing a general type of paper used for the covers of books, pamphlets, etc., also used for business cards and postcards.

Coverage

The extent to which printing ink covers the surface of a printed sheet. Ink coverage is frequently expressed as light, medium or heavy.

Crop

To reduce the size of an image.

Crop marks

Small printed lines around the edges of a printed piece indicating where it is to be cut out of the sheet. Sometimes referred to as cut marks.

Crossover

An image, rule or line art on one printed page that carries over to an adjacent page of a bound or folded work.

Cyan

A shade of blue used in four-color process printing. The C in CMYK. Also referred to as process blue.

Dampening

An essential part of the offset printing process whereby rollers distribute a solution to the plate that covers the non-printing area of the plate, repelling ink in those areas. Some newer presses use a waterless ink technology that does not use dampening.

Deckle edge

The rough or feathered edge of paper when left untrimmed.

Densitometer

An optical device used by printers and photographers to measure and control the density of ink or color.

Density

The degree of tone, weight of darkness or color within a photo or reproduction measured by a densitometer.

Descender

A term that describes that portion of lower case letters that extends below the main body of the letter, as in "p".

Desktop Publishing

Creating materials to be printed using a personal computer, as opposed to taking non-electronic documents to a commercial printing company to be prepared for printing.

Die Cutting

The process of cutting paper in a shape or design by the use of a wooden die or block in which are positioned steel rules in the shape of the desired pattern.

Digital Proof

Color separation data is digitally stored and then exposed to color photographic paper creating a picture of the final product before it is actually printed with ink.

Dithering

The process of averaging between pixels of different colors. This results in a smoother, blended transition between the edge of two areas rather than a jagged or 'stair-step' appearance. Also a method used on ink jet printers where colors are produced by mixing colored dots in a randomized pattern.

Dot

The smallest individual element of a halftone.

Dot gain

A term used to describe when dots are printing larger than they should.

Drill

The drilling of holes into paper for ring or comb binding.

Drop shadow

A shadow image placed offset behind an image to create the affect of the image lifting off the page.

Dull finish

A semi-gloss finish on paper that is less glossy than gloss and more than matte paper.

Dummy

The preliminary assemblage of copy and art elements to be reproduced in the desired finished product, also called a comp.

Duotone

A two-color halftone reproduction generated from a one color photo.

Dye sublimation

A photographic looking color print created by heating dyes on a substrate instead of using inks. Often used for proofing.

Electronic Proof

A process of generating a prepress proof in which paper is electronically exposed to the color separation negatives and passed through electrically charged pigmented toners, which adhere electrostatically, resulting in the finished proof.

Embossing

The molding and reshaping of paper by the use of special metal dies and heat, counter dies and pressure, to produce a raised image on the paper surface.

Enamel

Another term for gloss coated paper.

Felt side

The smoother side of a sheet in the paper. The wire side is the rougher side of the paper. The difference happens in the papermaking process. The differences are eliminated when papers are gloss or matte coated.

Finish

The surface quality of a paper.

Fit

The registration of the different colors on a printed sheet.

Flexography

A printing method using flexible plates where the image to be printed is higher than the non-printing areas. The inked areas are then contact the material to be printed, transferring the ink from the raised areas to the material. Fast drying inks are usually used in this process. Common uses are the printing of cans and bottles and other non-flat items.

Foil

Then metal sheet that is applied to paper using the foil stamping process. Frequently gold colored, but available in many colors.

Foil Embossing

Stamping a thin sheet of metalic foil onto a sheet of paper and then embossing a pattern under it, creating a three dimensional raised area, usually text or an image.

Foil Stamping

Impressing metalic foil onto paper with a heated die.

Font

The characters which make up a complete typeface and size.

Free sheet

Any paper that is free from wood pulp impurities.

Ganging

The combining of two or more different printing projects on the same sheet of paper.

Gate fold

A three or four panel fold where the two outside panels fold inward to meet in the center. In an open gate fold, there are three panels, the bottom of which is twice the size of the folded panels. In a closed gatefold, there are four panels of roughly equal size where the outer panels are folded inward together.

Gathering

Assembling sheets of paper and signatures into their proper sequence.

Ghosting

Also known as gloss ghosting. A condition occurring during the printing process when vapors from drying ink on one side of a press sheet interact chemically with dry ink or blank paper on sheets in contact with or on the reverse side of the same sheet creating unintended faint images.

Grain

Paper fibers lie in a similar direction in a sheet of paper. This direction is called the grain. Printing is usually done so that if folding is required, the fold is done parallel to the grain.

Gravure

A printing process using recessed areas on a metal cylinder that hold the ink.

Gripper

A series of metal fingers that hold each sheet of paper as it passes through a printing press.

Gripper edge

The side of a piece of paper held by the gripper fingers as it passes through a printing press. Nothing can be printed in this area.

Gutter

A blank space or margin between components on a printed piece or press sheet.

Halftone

Using small dots to produce the impression of a continuous-tone image. The effect is achieved by varying the dot size and the number of dots per square inch.

Halftone screen

A sheet of film or glass containing ruled right-angled lines, used to translate the full tone of a photo to the halftone dot image required for printing.

Hickey

The effect that occurs when a spec of dust or debris (frequently dried ink) adheres to the printing plate and creates a spot or imperfection in the printing.

Highlights

The lightest tones of a photo, printed halftone or illustration. In the finished halftone, these highlights are represented by the finest dots.

Hot melt

An adhesive used in some binding processes, which requires heat for application.

House sheet

This is a term that refers to a paper that a printer keeps on hand in their shop.

Image area

That portion of a printing plate that carries ink and prints on paper.

Imposition

The correct sequential arrangement of pages that are to be printed, along with all the margins in proper alignment, before producing the plates for printing.

Indicia

An image and/or text pre-printed on mailing envelopes in place of a stamp.

Insert

A piece of printed material that is inserted into another piece of printed material, such as a magazine or catalog.

Italic

Text that is used to denote emphasis by slanting the type body forward.

Jacket

Or dust jacket. The paper cover sometimes called the "dust cover" of a hardbound book.

Jog

To vibrate a stack of finished pages so that they are tightly aligned for final trimming or binding.

Justification

Adjusting the spacing or hyphenation of words and characters to fill a given line of text from end to end. Sometimes referred to as word spacing.

Kerning

The narrowing of space between two letters so that they become closer and take up less space on the page.

Keyline

Lines that are drawn on artwork that indicate the exact placement, shape and size of elements including halftones, illustrations, etc.

Kraft

A coarse unbleached paper used for printing and industrial products.

Laid finish

A parallel lined paper that has a handmade look.

Lamination

Applying thin transparent plastic sheets to both sides of a sheet of paper, providing scuff resistance, waterproofing and extended use.

Layout

A rendition that shows the placement of all the elements, images, thumbnails etc., of a final printed piece.

Leading

Space between lines of type. The distance in points between one baseline and the next.

Letterpress

Printing that utilizes inked raised surfaces, usually type, to create the image.

Letterspacing

The addition of space between typeset letters.

Line copy

Any copy that can be reproduced without the use of a halftone screen.

Linen

A paper that emulates the look and texture of linen cloth.

Lithography

The process of printing that utilizes flat or curved inked surfaces to create the printed images.

Logotype

A personalized type or design symbol for a company or product.

Loupe

A small magnifier used to observe the details on a printed sheet.

M weight

The actual weight of 1000 sheets of any given size of paper.

Magenta

One of the four process colors, or CMYK, the M is for magenta. Magenta is a predominately red color with some blue. Magenta, cyan and yellow are also the three subtractive primary colors.

Magnetic black

Black ink containing iron oxides, used for magnetic ink character recognition used for check printing.

Make-ready

Paper that is used in the press set-up process before the printing run actually starts.

Matte finish

A coated paper finish that goes through minimal calendaring.

Metallic Ink

Ink that looks metallic when printed. Made with powdered metal or pigments that look metallic. The most common colors used are gold and silver.

Moiré

An undesirable halftone pattern produced by the incorrect angles of overprinting halftone screens.

Mottle

A term used to describe spotty or uneven ink absorption.

Natural

A term to describe papers that have a color similar to that of wood, also called cream, off-white or ivory.

Newsprint

A light, low-cost unbleached paper made especially for newspaper printing.

Offset

An erroneous variation of the word "setoff". Ink that is unintentionally transferred from a printed sheet to the back of the sheet above it as the pieces are stacked in a pile when printed.

Offset printing

The most commonly used printing method, where the printed material does not receive ink directly from a printing plate but from an intermediary blanket that receives the ink from the plate and then transfers it to the paper.

Offset paper

A term for sometimes used for uncoated book paper.

Onionskin

A light bond paper used for typing and used with carbon paper because of its thinness.

Opacity

Quality of papers that defines its opaqueness or ability to prevent two-sided printing from showing through.

Opaque ink

Ink that completely covers any ink under itself.

Overlay proof

A process of proof-making whereby the color separations are individually exposed to light sensitive film. This film is then set in registration with a piece of white paper in the background.

Overprinting

Any printing that is done on an area that has already been printed.

Overrun

Quantities of sheets printed over the requested number of copies.

Pagination

The numbering of individual pages in a multi-page document

Parchment

A hard finished paper that emulates animal skin used for documents, such as awards, that require writing by hand.

Parent sheet

A sheet that is larger than the cut stock of the same paper.

Perfect Binding

A binding process where the signatures of a book are held together by a flexible adhesive.

Perfecting press

A printing press that prints on both sides of a sheet in a single pass through the press.

Pica

A typesetting unit of measurement equaling 1/6th of an inch.

Picking

An occurrence in printing whereby the tack of ink pulls fibers or coating off the paper surface, leaving spots on the printed surface.

Plastic comb

A method of binding books whereby holes are drilled on the spine, and a plastic grasping device is inserted to hold the pages together.

PMS

The abbreviation of the Pantone Color Matching System.

Point

A measurement unit equal to 1/72 of an inch. 12 points to a pica, 72 points to an inch.

PostScript

A tradename of Adobe Systems, Inc. for its page description language. This language translates a digital file from an application into a language a compatible printer or other device can use to create its output.

Ppi

Pages per inch or pixels per inch.

Premium

Any paper that is considered better than grade #1 by its manufacturer.

Pressure-sensitive

Self-adhesive paper covered by a backing sheet.

Process printing

A system where a color image is separated into different color values (cyan, magenta, yellow and black or CMYK) by the use of filters and screens and then transferred to printing plates and printed on a printing press, reproducing the original color image.

Progressive proofs

Any proofs made from the separate colors of a multi-color printing project.

Quark

Short for QuarkXPress, one of the primary computer applications used in graphic design.

Rag paper

Papers with a complete or partial content of cotton fibers.

Ragged left

The term given to right-justified type that is uneven on the left.

Ragged right

The term given to left-justified type that is uneven on the right.

Ream

500 sheets of paper.

Register

The arrangement of two or more printed images in exact alignment with each other.

Register marks

Any crossmarks or other symbols used on a press sheet to assure proper registration.

RGB

The color space of Red, Green and Blue. These are the primary colors of light, which computers use to display images on your screen. An RGB computer file must be translated into the CMYK (the primary colors of pigment) color space in order to be printed on a printing press.

Right angle fold

A term that denotes folds that are 90 degrees to each other.

Running head

A title at the top of a page that appears on all pages of a book or chapter of a book.

Saddle stitch

The binding of booklets or other printed materials by stapling the pages on the folded spine.

Safety paper

A paper that shows sign of erasure so that it cannot be altered or tampered with easily.

Scoring

To crease paper with a metal rule for the purpose of making folding easier.

Screen angles

The placement of halftone screens to avoid unwanted moiré patterns. Frequently used angles are black 45º, magenta 75º, yellow 90º, and cyan 105º.

Screen ruling

A measurement equaling the number of lines or dots per inch on a halftone screen.

Scum

Unwanted deposits of ink in the non-image area of a printed piece.

Self cover

A cover that is the same paper stock as the internal sheets.

Sharpen

To decrease the dot size of a halftone, which in turn decreases the color strength.

<>Sheetwise

The printing of two different images on two different sides of a sheet of paper by turning the sheet over after the first side is printed and using the same gripper and side guides.

Show through

When the printing on one side of a sheet is seen from the other side, a frequent problem with thin papers.

Side guide

The guides on the sides of a printing press that consistently positions the sheet sideways as it is fed through the press.

Side stitch

The stapling of sheets or signatures on the side closest to the spine.

Signature

A printed sheet with multiple pages on it that is folded so that the pages are in their proper numbered sequence, as in a book.

Smoothness

That quality of paper defined by its levelness that allows for pressure consistency in printing, assuring uniformity of print.

Soy Inks

Inks made with soy oils instead of petroleum as the base. They are considered to be more environmentally friendly, a standard component of green printing.

Spiral bind

A type of binding where a metal or plastic wire is spiraled through holes drilled along the binding side of a document.

Stock

A term for unprinted paper.

Super calendaring

A machine procedure that produces a very smooth paper surface that is exceptional for printing.

Synthetic papers

Any non-wood or cloth paper, usually petroleum (plastic) based.

Text Paper

A high quality light weight printing paper.

Thermography

A printing process whereby slow drying ink is applied to paper and, while the ink is still wet, is lightly dusted with a resinous powder. The paper then passes through a heat chamber where the powder melts and fuses with the ink to produce a raised surface.

Tint

A halftone screen that contains all the same sized dots.

Trapping

The overlapping of one color over a different, adjacent color to ensure that no white space is visible where the two colors meet, especially when there are slight variations in the registration of the two colors during the printing process. Or the process of printing wet ink over wet or dry previously printed ink.

Trim marks

Marks placed on the printed sheet to indicate where cuts should be made.

Typo

A spelling mistake in printed material resulting from a mistake in typing or setting type.

Undercolor removal

The removing of cyan, magenta, or yellow from a heavily colored image to limit the total amount of ink being applied to that image to avoid potential production problems.

Up

A term used to describe how many similar pieces can be printed on a larger sheet; two up, four up, etc.

Variable Data Printing

Is a form of on-demand printing in which elements (such as text, graphics, photographs, etc) can be changed from one printed piece to the next, without stopping or slowing down the press, using information from a database. For example, a set of personalized letters, each with the same basic layout, can be printed with a different name and address on each letter.

Varnish

A clear coating added to printed material as a protective layer for improved scuff resistance and usually higher gloss.

Vellum

A finish of paper that is somewhat bulky and is slightly rough.

Vignette

A photo or illustration, in which the tones fade gradually away until they blend with the background they are printed on.

Warm color

A color with a reddish tone rather than a blue tone. Browns, oranges, reds, and yellows are generally considered to be "warm" colors.

Washup

The procedure of cleaning a particular ink from the unit of a printing press.

Watermark

A translucent mark or image that is embossed during the papermaking process, or printed onto paper, which is visible when the paper is held up to the light.

Web press

A printing press that prints on rolls of paper passed through the press in one continuous piece, as opposed to individual sheets of paper.

Widow

A single word or two left at the end of a paragraph, or a part of a sentence ending a paragraph, which loops over to the next page and stands alone. Also, the last sentence of a paragraph, which contains only one or two short words.

Work and Turn

A printing production format that has the front and back of a printed piece on one side of the paper, that is then printed the same on the back side, producing two copies of the piece.

Wove

A smooth paper with a gentle patterned finish.

Writing paper

Another name for bond paper.